Assessing illness-related uncertainty in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A psychometric analysis of the Mishel Uncertainty of Illness Scale.

A multicenter study involving 204 adults with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) assessed the dimensionality and item characteristics of the Mishel-Uncertainty of Illness Scale (MUIS), a generic self-assessment tool. Mokken analysis identified two dimensions in the MUIS with an appropriate item and overall scale scalability after excluding nonclassifiable items. A refined 12-item MUIS, employing a grade response model, effectively discriminated uncertainty levels among RRMS patients (likelihood ratio test p-value = .03). These findings suggest the potential value of the 12-item MUIS as a reliable measure for assessing uncertainty associated with the course of illness in RRMS.

Evaluation of In Vitro Protein Hydrolysis in Seven Insects Approved by the EU for Use as a Protein Alternative in Aquaculture.

Rapid population growth is leading to an increase in the demand for high-quality protein such as fish, which has led to a large increase in aquaculture. However, fish feed is dependent on fishmeal. It is necessary to explore more sustainable protein alternatives that can meet the needs of fish. Insects, due to their high protein content and good amino acid profiles, could be a successful alternative to fishmeal and soybean meal traditionally used in sectors such as aquaculture. In this work, seven species of insects (Hermetia illucens, Tenebrio molitor, Acheta domestica, Alphitobius diaperinus, Gryllodes sigillatus, Gryllus assimilis, and Musca domestica) approved by the European Union (UE) for use as feed for farmed animals (aquaculture, poultry, and pigs) were studied. Their proximate composition, hydrolysis of organic matter (OMd), hydrolysis of crude protein (CPd), degree of hydrolysis (DH/NH2 and DH/100 g DM), and total hydrolysis (TH) were analyzed. The results showed that Tenebrio molitor had digestibility similar to that of fishmeal, while Acheta domestica and Hermetia illucens provided similar digestibility to that of soybean meal. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) data were negatively correlated with all protein digestibility variables. The differences in the degree of hydrolysis (DH) results and the similarity in total hydrolysis (TH) results could indicate the slowing effects of ADF on protein digestibility. Further in vivo studies are needed.

Significado del cuidado espiritual de enfermería en pacientes en cuidados paliativos

Objetivo: describir el significado de cuidado espiritual que brinda el personal de enfermería a los pacientes en cuidados paliativos Métodos: se trata de un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo; con enfermeras de instituciones de salud de segundo nivel de atención en el estado de Guanajuato. Selección de participantes por muestreo por conveniencia con 9 participantes. Colecta de datos a través de entrevista semiestructurada audiograbada, análisis de datos temático; se respetaron los criterios éticos, los participantes firmaron un consentimiento informado. Resultados: emergieron seis temas: Cuidar las necesidades de los pacientes, Significado de espiritualidad, Acompañamiento, alivio y apoyo, Cuidando el respeto de las creencias, Dificultades vividas en el cuidado espiritual y Necesidad de cambios en el cuidado espiritual. Conclusiones: el significado del cuidado espiritual de enfermería considera la conexión con la naturaleza y el universo y las creencias y prácticas; esta conexión nace en el cuidado de las necesidades propias que fomentan confort, la espiritualidad da sentido al cuidado espiritual como el acompañar, aliviar y apoyar teniendo en cuenta el respeto de las creencias. Se encuentran dificultades en el cuidado espiritual y una necesidad de cambios en el mismo para poder incorporarlo en el cuidado cotidiano.

Objective: to describe the meaning of spiritual care provided by nurses to palliative care patients. Methods: this is a qualitative, descriptive study; with nurses from second level health care institutions in the state of Guanajuato. Selection of participants by convenience sampling with 9 participants. Data collection through semi-structured audio-recorded interview, thematic data analysis; ethical criteria were respected, participants signed an informed consent. Results: six themes emerged: caring for patients' needs, Meaning of spirituality, Accompaniment, relief and support, Caring for respect of beliefs, Difficulties experienced in spiritual care and Need for changes in spiritual care. Conclusions: the meaning of nursing spiritual care considers the connection with nature and the universe and beliefs and practices; this connection is born in caring for one's needs that foster comfort, spirituality gives meaning to spiritual care as accompanying, relieving and supporting taking into account respect for beliefs. Difficulties are found in spiritual care and a need for changes in it in order to incorporate it into daily care.

In Vitro Crude Protein Digestibility of Insects: A Review.

The high protein content of insects has been widely studied. They can be a good food alternative, and therefore it is important to study the effect of digestion on their protein. This review examines the different in vitro protein digestibility methodologies used in the study of different edible insects in articles published up to 2021. The most important variables to be taken into account in in vitro hydrolysis are the following: phases (oral, gastric and intestinal), enzymes, incubation time and temperature, method of quantification of protein hydrolysis and sample preprocessing. Insects have high digestibility data, which can increase or decrease depending on the processing of the insect prior to digestion, so it is important to investigate which processing methods improve digestibility. The most commonly used methods are gut extraction, different methods of slaughtering (freezing or blanching), obtaining protein isolates, defatting, thermal processing (drying or cooking) and extrusion. Some limitations have been encountered in discussing the results due to the diversity of methodologies used for digestion and digestibility calculation. In addition, articles evaluating the effect of insect processing are very limited. It is concluded that there is a need for the standardisation of in vitro hydrolysis protocols and their quantification to facilitate comparisons in future research.

Direct costs in patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies on biological therapy: a real-world data study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess the direct costs for the Spanish Health System of patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies treated with biological therapies in daily clinical practice and to establish possible factors associated with lower costs. METHODS: A descriptive, observational and retrospective study was conducted. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis who started a biological therapy between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2016 were included. Variables related to socioeconomic status, disease and biological therapy were included. The annual cost of biological treatment and other direct medical costs were calculated for each disease. The analysis of costs was based on the National Health Service perspective. The time horizon comprised the 8-year long study period. RESULTS: A total of 422 biological therapy lines were analysed. The annual biological therapy cost per patient was €12,494±3,865 for rheumatoid arthritis, €11,248±2,763 for ankylosing spondylitis and €12,263±35,155 for psoriatic arthritis (p=0.008). The cost of biological therapies entailed about 80% of the total cost of these diseases. Hospital admission was a factor which contributed to an increasing cost in all these conditions. A longer duration of the biological therapy was associated with lower cost in all the diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The cost of ankylosing spondylitis is lower than that of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. The biological therapy is the factor with the highest impact on the overall cost of these diseases. Preventing hospital admissions and a higher persistence to the biological therapy can contribute to lower costs for the system.

Medication persistence on biological therapies prescribed for the treatment of chronic inflammatory arthropathies: a real-world data study.

OBJECTIVES: Medication persistence, defined as the duration of time from its initiation to its discontinuation, is a surrogate for treatment effectiveness. The aim of the study was to evaluate persistence and causes of biological therapy (BT) suspension in patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies: rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. METHODS: Single institution, descriptive, retrospective cohort study. Adult patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies on BT between January 2009 and December 2016 were included. Persistence to BT was compared considering the type of pathology and treatment. The Kaplan-Meier test was used to analyse medication persistanence and factors associated with it. An analysis of reasons for therapy discontinuation was performed. RESULTS: Three hundred and sixty-two patients were included in the study, which comprised 478 BT lines. For all patients, the 12-month persistence rate was 71.3% (341 out of 478). At the end of the study, 45.2% of the patients continued on their initial BT. Median treatment persistence was 1489 days (CI 95% 1195 to 1783). Longer BT persistence was associated with naïve BT patients: 1945 days (95% CI 1523 to 2367; P<0.001) and ankylosing spondylitis diagnosis: 2402 days (95% CI 1604 to 3200; P=0.014). The most frequent causes of treatment discontinuation were therapeutic failure (47.6%) and adverse drug events (28.2%). CONCLUSIONS: We found good long-term persistence in patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies treated with BT. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis had significantly shorter persistence compared with those with ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. Naïve BT was associated with longer persistence. Therapeutic failure was the main cause of BT withdrawal.

La anestesia hipnótica como único proceder para analgesia en exodoncia. Modelación estomatológica y neurofisiológica / Hypnotic anesthesia as the only procedure for analgesia in exodontics. Stomatological and neurophysiological modeling

La hipnosis es una técnica valiosa para la intervención clínica y para el tratamiento de una amplia variedad de problemas psicológicos y médicos. A partir del insuficiente conocimiento teórico y práctico sobre la aplicación de la analgesia hipnótica exclusiva, sin anestésicos farmacológicos en exodoncia, se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental, con el objetivo de modelar y validar una técnica desde la neurofisiología y la odontología. Se designó un grupo control que recibió anestesia farmacológica (lidocaína con epinefrina) para las exodoncias, y otro grupo estudio o experimental, que recibió anestesia hipnótica exclusivamente. Los pacientes se asignaron a cada grupo a partir del universo formado por aquellos que acudieron a la consulta de exodoncia electiva del Policlínico 3 René Vallejo Ortíz en el período comprendido desde septiembre del 2015 hasta septiembre del 2017. Para el caso del grupo experimental se tuvo en cuenta para la asignación que fueran hipertensos, o que presentaran contraindicación absoluta de la anestesia farmacológica por alergia o anafilaxia. Resultaron escogidas 11 extracciones en cada grupo. Se modeló especialmente la hipnosis neutra y la de utilización terapéutica, con control de marcadores neurofisiológicos y de la Odontología. Se utilizó la Prueba de los Signos para el análisis estadístico. Significativamente, en el grupo experimental se comprobó mediante dócima de hipótesis, menor percepción del dolor intraoperatorio y postoperatorio, así como menor sangrado y menores complicaciones, lo que permitió validar este proceder para pacientes que no pueden recibir anestesia química(AU)

Hypnosis is a valuable technique for clinical intervention, and for the treatment of a wide variety of psychological and medical problems. Based on insufficient theoretical and practical knowledge on the application of exclusive hypnotic analgesia, without pharmacological anesthetics in exodontics, a quasi-experimental study was carried out, with the aim of modeling and validating a technique from neurophysiology and dentistry. A control group that received pharmacological anesthesia (lidocaine with epinephrine) was designated for exodontics, and another study or experimental group, which received hypnotic anesthesia exclusively. Patients were assigned to each group from the universe formed by those who attended the Elective Exodontics consultation of Polyclinic 3 René Vallejo Ortiz in the period from September 2015 to September 2017. For the case of the experimental group it was considered for the assignment that were hypertensive, or that presented absolute contraindication of pharmacological anesthesia by allergy or anaphylaxis. 11 extractions were chosen in each group. Neutral hypnosis and therapeutic use were particularly modeled, with control of neurysiological markers and dentistry. The Sign Test was used for statistical analysis. Significantly, in the experimental group, less perception of intraoperative and postoperative pain, as well as less bleeding and minor complications, was found in the experimental group, allowing this procedure to be validated for patients who cannot receive chemical anesthesia(EU)

La anestesia hipnótica como único proceder para analgesia en exodoncia. Modelación estomatológica y neurofisiológica / Hypnotic anesthesia as theonly procedure for analgesia in exodontics. Stomatological and neurophysiological modeling / Anestésia hipnótica como o único procedê-lo para analgesia exodôntica. Modelagem estomatológica e neurológica

RESUMEN La hipnosis es una técnica valiosa para la intervención clínica y para el tratamiento de una amplia variedad de problemas psicológicos y médicos. A partir del insuficiente conocimiento teórico y práctico sobre la aplicación de la analgesia hipnótica exclusiva, sin anestésicos farmacológicos en exodoncia, se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental, con el objetivo de modelar y validar una técnica desde la neurofisiología y la odontología. Se designó un grupo control que recibió anestesia farmacológica (lidocaína con epinefrina) para las exodoncias, y otro grupo estudio o experimental, que recibió anestesia hipnótica exclusivamente. Los pacientes se asignaron a cada grupo a partir del universo formado por aquellos que acudieron a la consulta de exodoncia electiva del Policlínico 3 René Vallejo Ortiz en el período comprendido desde septiembre del 2015 hasta septiembre del 2017. Para el caso del grupo experimental se tuvo en cuenta para la asignación que fueran hipertensos, o que presentaran contraindicación absoluta de la anestesia farmacológica por alergia o anafilaxia. Resultaron escogidas 11 extracciones en cada grupo. Se modeló especialmente la hipnosis neutra y la de utilización terapéutica, con control de marcadores neurofisiológicos y de la Odontología. Se utilizó la Prueba de los Signos para el análisis estadístico. Significativamente, en el grupo experimental se comprobó mediante dócima de hipótesis, menor percepción del dolor intraoperatorio y postoperatorio, así como menor sangrado y menores complicaciones, lo que permitió validar este proceder para pacientes que no pueden recibir anestesia química.

ABSTRACT Hypnosis is a valuable technique for clinical intervention, and for the treatment of a wide variety of psychological and medical problems. Based on insufficient theoretical and practical knowledge on the application of exclusive hypnotic analgesia, without pharmacological anesthetics in exodontics, a quasi-experimental study was carried out, with the aim of modeling and validating a technique from neurophysiology and dentistry. A control group that received pharmacological anesthesia (lidocaine with epinephrine) was designated for exodontics, and another study or experimental group, which received hypnotic anesthesia exclusively. Patients were assigned to each group from the universe formed by those who attended the Elective Exodontics consultation of Polyclinic 3 René Vallejo Ortiz in the period from September 2015 to September 2017. For the case of the experimental group it was considered for the assignment that were hypertensive, or that presented absolute contraindication of pharmacological anesthesia by allergy or anaphylaxis. 11 extractions were chosen in each group. Neutral hypnosis and therapeutic use were particularly modeled, with control of neurysiological markers and dentistry. The Sign Test was used for statistical analysis. Significantly, in the experimental group, less perception of intraoperative and postoperative pain, as well as less bleeding and minor complications, was found in the experimental group, allowing this procedure to be validated for patients who cannot receive chemical anesthesia.

RESUMO A hipnose é uma técnica valiosa para a intervenção clínica, e para o tratamento de uma grande variedade de problemas psicológicos e médicos. A partir de conhecimentos teóricos e práticos insuficientes sobre a aplicação de analgesia hipnótica exclusiva, sem anestésicos farmacológicos emexodontia, foi realizado umestudoquase experimental, como objetivo de modelar e validar uma técnica de neurofisiologia e odontologia. Um grupo controle que recebeu anestesia farmacológica (lidocaína com epinefrina) foi designado para exodontia, e outroestudoou grupo experimental, que recebeu anestesia hipnótica exclusivamente. Os pacientes foram designados para cada grupo do universo formado por aqueles que participaram da Consulta ExodôntiaEletiva da Policlínica 3 René Vallejo Ortiz no período de setembro de 2015 a setembro de 2017. Para o caso do grupo experimental foi considerada para a atribuição hipertensa, ou que apresentoucontraindicação absoluta de anestesia farmacológica por alergia ou anafilaxia. Foramescolhidas 11 extraçõesem cada grupo. A hipnose neutra e o uso terapêuticoforam particularmente modelados, com controle de marcadores neurológicos e odontologia. O Teste de Sinaisfoi utilizado para análiseestatística. Significativamente, no grupo experimental, foi encontrada menor percepção da dorintraoperatória e pós-operatória, bem como menos sangramento e complicações menores, permitindo que esseprocedimentofosse validado para pacientes que nãopodemreceber anestesia química.

Biological therapy safety in chronic inflammatory arthropathy patients.

OBJECTIVE: The marketing of biological therapies transformed the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. But there is still concern about patient safety and management in daily clinical practice. The aim of this study was to estimate risk factors of the adverse effects in a cohort of Spanish patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. METHODS: A single institution, descriptive, retrospective, cohort study was developed from January 2009 to December 2016. Patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis on biological therapies were included. Undesirable events affecting patients during biological therapy, their clinical implications and the use of health resources related to adverse effects were collected. RESULTS: Three hundred and sixty-two patients corresponding to 478 biological therapy lines were analysed. It implied 1192 years of monitoring. There were 57 adverse effects per 100 biological patient-years and 4.8 serious adverse effects per 100 biological patient-years. The only significant factor for a likely serious adverse effect was having a Charlson Index ≥10, OR of 6.2 (CI 95%: 3.4-11.1, p<0.001). Around 15 % of patients with adverse effects were admitted to hospital and 25% received attention at the Emergency Department. CONCLUSION: Over half of the patients with arthropathies on biological therapy can suffer adverse effect during treatment but only 8.5% of these effects are serious. Special vigilance must be paid to patients with a higher number of comorbidities because they are more likely to experience serious adverse effects.

Biological therapy safety in chronic inflammatory arthropathy patients.

OBJECTIVE: The marketing of biological therapies transformed the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. But there is still concern about patient safety and management in daily clinical practice. The aim of this study was to estimate risk factors of the adverse effects in a cohort of Spanish patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. METHODS: A single institution, descriptive, retrospective, cohort study was developed from January 2009 to December 2016. Patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis on biological therapies were included. Undesirable events affecting patients during biological therapy, their clinical implications and the use of health resources related to adverse effects were collected. RESULTS: Three hundred and sixty-two patients corresponding to 478 biological therapy lines were analysed. It implied 1192 years of monitoring. There were 57 adverse effects per 100 biological patient- years and 4.8 serious adverse effects per 100 biological patient-years. The only significant factor for a likely serious adverse effect was having a Charlson Index ≥10, OR of 6.2 (CI 95%: 3.4-11.1, p<0.001). Around 15 % of patients with adverse effects were admitted to hospital and 25% received attention at the Emergency Department. CONCLUSION: Over half of the patients with arthropathies on biological therapy can suffer adverse effect during treatment but only 8.5% of these effects are serious. Special vigilance must be paid to patients with a higher number of comorbidities because they are more likely to experience serious adverse effects.

Adherence to biological therapies in patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies.

INTRODUCTION: The aims of the study were to quantify adherence, determine the factors that can  predict adherence and identify the consequences of poorer adherence in patients with chronic  inflammatory arthropathies treated with biological therapies in daily clinical practice. METHOD: A descriptive, observational and retrospective study was carried out. Patients with  rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis who started a biologic therapy  between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2016 were included. Variables related to socioeconomic  status, the disease, the biological therapy and hospital resources were included. Adherence was  calculated by using the medication possession ratio. RESULTS: Three hundred and sixty-two patients and 423 lines of biological therapy were included.  Mean age ± standard deviation was 50.3 ± 13.9 years, and 228 (53.9%) were women. The  percentage of adherent patients was 187 out of 216 (87%) in rheumatoid arthritis, 91 out of 107  (85%) in ankylosing spondylitis and 84 out of 100 (84%) in psoriatic arthritis. Greater adherence was  associated with more frequent visits to the pharmacy service (odds ratio 1.2, 95% confidence  interval: 1.1-1.3 [p = 0.001]) and poorer adherence with a failure to attend scheduled appointments  at the rheumatology clinic (odds ratio 0.2, 95% confidence interval: 0.1-0.9 [p = 0.030]). There were  no differences between  adherent and non-adherent patients in terms of the number of hospital resources used. CONCLUSIONS: There are no differences in adherence to biological therapies among patients with  chronic inflammatory arthropathies. Adherence correlates with attendance at outpatient  appointments, but this does not imply an increase in the use of hospital resources.

Objetivo: Los objetivos del estudio fueron cuantificar la adherencia, determinar los factores  predictivos y conocer las consecuencias de una menor adherencia, en la práctica clínica diaria, en  pacientes con artropatías inflamatorias crónicas tratados con terapias biológicas. Método: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes con artritis  reumatoide, espondilitis anquilosante y artritis psoriásica que iniciaron una terapia biológica entre el 1  de enero de 2009 y el 31 de diciembre de 2016. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, relacionadas con la enfermedad, sobre las terapias biológicas y los recursos  hospitalarios. La adherencia se calculó mediante la ratio media de posesión.Resultados: Se incluyeron 362 pacientes y 423 líneas de terapia biológica. La media de edad ±  desviación estándar fue de 50,3 ± 13,9 años; 228 (53,9%) fueron mujeres. El porcentaje de  adherentes fue de 187 de 216 (87%) en artritis reumatoide, 91 de 107 (85%) en espondilitis  anquilosante y 84 de 100 (84%) en artritis psoriásica. La adherencia se relacionó con acudir con más  frecuencia a la consulta del servicio de farmacia(odds ratio de 1,2; intervalo de confianza 95%: 1,1- 1,3 [p = 0,001]) e inversamente con no acudir a las consultas de reumatología en la fecha prevista (odds ratio de 0,2; intervalo de confianza 95%: 0,1-0,9 [p = 0,030]). No hubo diferencias en  el número de recursos hospitalarios utilizados por pacientes adherentes y no adherentes.Conclusiones: La adherencia a las terapias biológicas entre las artropatías inflamatorias crónicas es  similar. Dicha adherencia se correlaciona con la frecuentación a consultas externas, pero no implica  un aumento del consumo de recursos.

Honeybees disrupt the structure and functionality of plant-pollinator networks.

The honeybee is the primary managed species worldwide for both crop pollination and honey production. Owing to beekeeping activity, its high relative abundance potentially affects the structure and functioning of pollination networks in natural ecosystems. Given that evidences about beekeeping impacts are restricted to observational studies of specific species and theoretical simulations, we still lack experimental data to test for their larger-scale impacts on biodiversity. Here we used a three-year field experiment in a natural ecosystem to compare the effects of pre- and post-establishment stages of beehives on the pollination network structure and plant reproductive success. Our results show that beekeeping reduces the diversity of wild pollinators and interaction links in the pollination networks. It disrupts their hierarchical structural organization causing the loss of interactions by generalist species, and also impairs pollination services by wild pollinators through reducing the reproductive success of those plant species highly visited by honeybees. High-density beekeeping in natural areas appears to have lasting, more serious negative impacts on biodiversity than was previously assumed.

Еffects of fortified milk on cognitive abilities in school-aged children: results from a randomized-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals and long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential for children's brain development and cognitive functions. The current study investigated whether milk fortified with micronutrients and PUFA can result in improved cognitive function in mainstream school children. METHODS: One-hundred-and-nineteen children (age 8-14, 58 boys) were randomly allocated to a fortified milk group or a regular full milk control group. Participants consumed 0.6L/day of the milk for 5 months. We recorded relevant biochemical, anthropometric, and cognitive measures (working memory and processing speed) at the start of the study and at follow-up after 5 months. RESULTS: The fortified milk significantly increased docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (change from baseline of 28% [95% CI 17-39%] vs. -6% [95% CI - 13 to 0%] in the control group) and serum 25OH-vitamin D concentrations (41% [95% CI 30-52%] vs. 21% [95% CI 11-30%] in the control group). The fortified milk improved working memory on one of two tests (32% [95% CI 17-47%] vs. 13% [95% CI 6-19%] in the control group). The fortified milk also indirectly increased processing speed on one of two tests; this effect was small and completely mediated by increases in 25OH-vitamin D concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that fortifying milk with micronutrients and PUFA could be an effective and practical way to aid children's cognitive development.

Litiasis urinaria: epidemiología y clasificación del cálculo urinario / Urinary lithiasis: epidemiology and classification of urinary calculus / Urolitíase: epidemiologia e classificação dos cálculos renais

Se estima que la incidencia de cálculos renales en España se ha incrementado en los últimos años. En este trabajo se realizó una aproximación epidemiológica de la litiasis urinaria, y se estableció una clasificación de los cálculos urinarios analizados durante un año. Se ha creado una base de datos con los cálculos analizados mediante espectroscopía de infrarrojos con Transformada de Fourier, considerando edad, sexo, recidivas y parámetros bioquímicos, en orina de 24 horas. La influencia del sexo en la litiasis urinaria es muy marcada y el número de cálculos en el varón es muy superior. Además, el factor edad incrementa la litiasis desde 5% a los 30 años hasta 25% a los 60. Estos datos se refieren a los cálculos totales y no diferencian su composición química. Si se diferencian según la composición, se ha encontrado una tendencia similar en hombres y mujeres en los cálculos de oxalato cálcico monohidratado, pero muy distinta en los de oxalato cálcico dihidratado y fosfocarbonato cálcico. La incidencia en menores de 20 años es muy baja, y prevalece en los niños en la primera década y en las niñas en la segunda década de vida. Además, se ha observado una mayor prevalencia de cálculos en los meses de verano asociada a mayores valores séricos de vitamina D. Por lo tanto, es imprescindible partir de unos criterios taxativos de clasificación de los cálculos urinarios para la realización de estudios epidemiológicos. En los últimos años la proporción entre las diferentes composiciones ha cambiado y se ha producido un aumento en los cálculos de oxalato.

The incidence of renal calculus in Spain has been increased in recent years. In this work, an epidemiological approach of urinary lithiasis has been made, establishing a classification of the urinary calculi analyzed during a year. A database has been created with the analyzed calculi by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, collecting age, sex, recurrences and biochemical parameters obtained from 24-hour urine. The influence of sex on urinary lithiasis is very marked and the number of stones in the male in much higher. In addition, the age factor increases lithiasis from 5% at 30 years of age to 25% at 60 years of age. These data refer to the total calculi, without differentiating their chemical composition. If differentiation is made according to the composition, a similar tendency is found in men and women in the monohydrate calcium oxalate calculi, but very different in those of dihydrate calcium oxalate and calcium phosphocarbonate. The incidence in children under 20 years of age is very low; males have more calculi in the first decade of life and girls in the second decade of life. In addition, a higher prevalence of stones has been observed in the summer months associated with higher serum levels of vitamin D. Thus, it is essential to stablish classification criteria of urinary calculi for epidemiological studies. In recent years, the ratio of the different compositions has changed, resulting in an increase of oxalate calculi.

Estima-se que a incidência de cálculos renais na Espanha tem aumentado nos últimos anos. Este trabalho foi realizado com uma abordagem epidemiológica da litíase urinária, estabelecendo uma classificação de cálculos urinários analisados durante um ano. Foi criado um banco de dados com os cálculos analisados por espectroscopia de infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier, considerando idade, gênero, recidivas e parâmetros bioquímicos na urina de 24 horas. A influência do gênero na litíase urinária é muito acentuada e o número de cálculos em homens é muito maior. Além disso, o fator idade aumenta a litíase de 5% aos 30 anos para 25% aos 60 anos. Estes dados referem-se os cálculos totais e não diferenciam sua composição química. Diferenciam-se de acordo com a composição, foi encontrada uma tendência semelhante em homens e mulheres nos cálculos de oxalato de cálcio mono-hidratado, mas muito diferente em oxalato de cálcio di-hidratado e fosfo-carbonato de cálcio. A incidência em pessoas menores de 20 anos é muito baixa, prevalecendo em meninos na primeira década e em meninas na segunda década de vida. Além disso, foi observada maior prevalência de cálculos nos meses de verão associada a maiores níveis séricos de vitamina D. Portanto, é essencial a partir de critérios taxativos de classificação dos cálculos urinários para realizar exames epidemiológicos. Nos últimos anos, a proporção entre as diferentes composições tem mudado, resultando num aumento dos cálculos de oxalato.

Diagnóstico diferencial del hiperaldosteronismo primario / Differential diagnosis of primary aldosteronism

El aldosteronismo primario se considera una de las causas más comunes de hipertensión secundaria. Los datos indican que puede ocurrir en hasta el 5-15% de los pacientes con hipertensión. Aunque esta enfermedad sigue siendo un reto diagnóstico considerable, el reconocimiento de la condición es crítica, debido a que la hipertensión asociada al aldosteronismo primario a menudo se puede curar con la intervención quirúrgica o médica adecuada. El diagnóstico se realiza en 3 etapas, que implican un cribado inicial, una confirmación del diagnóstico, y una clasificación del subtipo específico de aldosteronismo primario. Se describe el caso de un paciente con hipertensión resistente e hipopotasemia. La prueba inicial incluye la cuantificación de las concentraciones de aldosterona y actividad de renina en plasma. En nuestro laboratorio la medida de estos 2 parámetros se realizó por radioinmunoanálisis. En este caso, el paciente tenía elevado el cociente aldosterona/renina y la producción de aldosterona de forma autónoma se confirmó con una prueba de supresión con sobrecarga intravenosa de sodio. Una vez confirmado el aldosteronismo primario, se determinó el subtipo para guiar el tratamiento. La prueba inicial en la evaluación del subtipo es la tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) de las glándulas suprarrenales. Además, si se considera el tratamiento quirúrgico, el muestreo de la vena adrenal es el método más preciso para distinguir entre la producción de aldosterona adrenal unilateral o bilateral. En este caso se muestra como el laboratorio juega un papel fundamental en el diagnóstico del aldosteronismo primario, con el fin de lograr el tratamiento óptimo (AU)

Primary aldosteronism is considered one of the most common causes of secondary hypertension. Data indicate that it may occur in as many as 5-15% of patients with hypertension. Although it is still a considerable diagnostic challenge, recognising the condition is critical as primary aldosteronism associated hypertension can often be cured with the proper surgical or medical intervention. The diagnosis is generally 3-tiered, involving an initial screening, a confirmation of the diagnosis, and a determination of the specific subtype of primary aldosteronism. The case is described of a patient with resistant hypertension and hypokalaemia. The initial tests included the measurement of plasma aldosterone levels and plasma rennin activity, which is by Radioimmunoassay in our laboratory. In this case, the patient had an increased aldosterone/renin ratio, and the free aldosterone production was confirmed with an aldosterone suppression test (intravenous salt loading test). Once primary aldosteronism was confirmed, the subtype was determined to guide treatment. The initial test in subtype evaluation is computed axial tomography imaging (CAT) of the adrenal glands. Furthermore, if surgical treatment is considered, adrenal vein sampling is the most accurate method for distinguishing between unilateral and bilateral adrenal aldosterone production. In this case is shown as the laboratory plays a fundamental role in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, in order to achieve the optimal treatment (AU)

Functional consequences of plant-animal interactions along the mutualism-antagonism gradient.

Plant-animal interactions are pivotal for ecosystem functioning, and usually form complex networks involving multiple species of mutualists as well as antagonists. The costs and benefits of these interactions show a strong context-dependency directly related to individual variation in partner identity and differential strength. Yet understanding the context-dependency and functional consequences of mutualistic and antagonistic interactions on individuals remains a lasting challenge. We use a network approach to characterize the individual, plant-based pollination interaction networks of the Canarian Isoplexis canariensis (Plantaginaceae) with a mixed assemblage of vertebrate mutualists (birds and lizards) and invertebrate antagonists (florivores, nectar larcenists, and predispersal seed predators). We identify and quantify interaction typologies based on the sign (mutualistic vs. antagonistic) and strength (weak vs. strong) of animal-mediated pollination and test the relationship with individual female reproductive success (FRS). In addition, we document pollinator movement patterns among individual plants to infer events of pollen transfer/receipt that define the plant mating networks and test the relationship with FRS. We identify six interaction typologies along a mutualism-antagonism gradient, with two typologies being over-represented involving both mutualists and antagonists and influencing FRS. Plants showing strong mutualistic interactions, but also (weak or strong) interactions with antagonists are relatively better connected in the mating network (i.e., with higher potential to transfer or receive pollen). Thus, mixed flower visitor assemblages with mutualists and antagonists give plants increased their importance in the mating networks, promote outcrossing and increasing both female and male fitness. Our approach helps characterize plant-animal interaction typologies, the context-specificity of diversified mutualisms, and a better forecasting of their functional consequences.

Displasia del desarrollo de la cadera en niños con trastorno psicomotor. ¿Factor de riesgo para un mal resultado? / Developmental dysplasia of the hip in children with a psychomotor disorder. A risk factor for a poor outcome?

INTRODUCCIÓN: El tratamiento ortopédico de la displasia del desarrollo de la cadera (DDC) presenta un alto porcentaje de éxito en casos diagnosticados precozmente o en los primeros meses de vida. Sin embargo, se desconoce qué resultados presentan estos pacientes cuando posteriormente son diagnosticados de un trastorno psicomotor. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realiza un estudio observacional retrospectivo de los casos de DDC con mala evolución tras tratamiento ortopédico, desconociéndose si presentaban algún tipo de trastorno psicomotor. Los pacientes fueron valorados clínica y radiológicamente, y por la Unidad de Neurología Infantil. RESULTADOS: De los 325 casos de DDC diagnosticados en 293 pacientes, 10 pacientes (3%) con 16 caderas con DDC fueron diagnosticados de algún tipo de trastorno psicomotor. Todos los casos inicialmente fueron tratados ortopédicamente. La evolución tanto clínica como radiológica en estos casos fue favorable sOlo en 4 (25%). En los 12 restantes se indicó quirúrgica para su resolución (75%). Hubo mejoría tras tratamiento quirúrgico en el índice acetabular (p = 0,005) y en el índice de extrusión de Reimers (p = 0,042). El ángulo cÉrvico-diafisario y el ángulo CE de Wiberg también mejoraron, pero su diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. El diagnóstico del trastorno psicomotor se realizó a los 2,5 años de edad. El inicio de la deambulación de estos pacientes estaba retrasado, iniciándose a los 2,4 años. CONCLUSIONES: El trastorno psicomotor puede condicionar una tórpida evolución en el tratamiento conservador de la DDC; el riesgo relativo de presentar un mal resultado es 7.2 veces mayor en estos pacientes. Ante una mala respuesta al tratamiento convencional de una DDC, debe sospecharse la existencia de un posible trastorno neurológico de base, especialmente si hay un retraso en la deambulación

INTRODUCTION: Orthopaedic treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) has a high success rate in cases that are diagnosed early. However, the outcomes of these patients are not really known when they are subsequently diagnosed with some type of cerebral impairment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted on cases of DDH with a poor outcome after orthopaedic treatment, being unknown if they had any type of psychomotor disorder. The patients were clinically and radiologically assessed, and afterwards received neurological valuation by the Child Neurology Unit. RESULTS: Of the 325 cases of DDH diagnosed in 293 patients, 10 patients (3%) with 16 hips with DDH were diagnosed of any cerebral impairment. All them were initially treated orthopedically. Clinical and radiologically evolution was succesful only in 4 cases (25%) being necessary any surgical procedure in the remaining 12 cases. After surgical treatment we got an improvement in the Acetabular Index (p = 0.005) and Reimers Extrusion Index (p = 0.042). Neck-shaft angle and Wiberg CE angle also improved but this difference was not statically significant. Cerebral impairment was diagnosed at 2,5 years of age and the begining of walking was delayed at 2.4 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral impairment can lead to an unfavourable outcome in the treatment of DDH, with the relative risk of a poor outcome being 7.2 times higher in these patients. An unfavourable outcome with conventional treatment of DDH must make us suspect the presence of some type of neurological disorder, particularly if there is a delay in walking

[Developmental dysplasia of the hip in children with a psychomotor disorder. A risk factor for a poor outcome?]. / Displasia del desarrollo de la cadera en niños con trastorno psicomotor. ¿Factor de riesgo para un mal resultado?

INTRODUCTION: Orthopaedic treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) has a high success rate in cases that are diagnosed early. However, the outcomes of these patients are not really known when they are subsequently diagnosed with some type of cerebral impairment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted on cases of DDH with a poor outcome after orthopaedic treatment, being unknown if they had any type of psychomotor disorder. The patients were clinically and radiologically assessed, and afterwards received neurological valuation by the Child Neurology Unit. RESULTS: Of the 325 cases of DDH diagnosed in 293 patients, 10 patients (3%) with 16 hips with DDH were diagnosed of any cerebral impairment. All them were initially treated orthopedically. Clinical and radiologically evolution was succesful only in 4 cases (25%) being necessary any surgical procedure in the remaining 12 cases. After surgical treatment we got an improvement in the Acetabular Index (p=0.005) and Reimers Extrusion Index (p=0.042). Neck-shaft angle and Wiberg CE angle also improved but this difference was not statically significant. Cerebral impairment was diagnosed at 2,5 years of age and the begining of walking was delayed at 2.4 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral impairment can lead to an unfavourable outcome in the treatment of DDH, with the relative risk of a poor outcome being 7.2 times higher in these patients. An unfavourable outcome with conventional treatment of DDH must make us suspect the presence of some type of neurological disorder, particularly if there is a delay in walking.

Fingolimod: efectividad y seguridad en la práctica clínica habitual. Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y multicéntrico en Galicia / Fingolimod: effectiveness and safety in routine clinical practice. An observational, retrospective, multi-centre study in Galicia

INTRODUCCIÓN: La efectividad y seguridad del fingolimod en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple remitente recurrente (EMRR) se demostró en ensayos clínicos. Sin embargo, por las limitaciones de éstos, es importante saber cómo se comporta en condiciones de práctica clínica habitual. Así, el objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la efectividad y seguridad del fingolimod después de 12 meses de uso en la práctica clínica en Galicia. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo y multicéntrico (n = 8) de pacientes con EMRR y tratados con una o más dosis de fingolimod, 0,5 mg/día. Se evaluó la efectividad -tasa anualizada de brotes (TAB), cambio en la puntuación de la escala expandida del estado de discapacidad (EDSS), porcentaje de pacientes libres de brotes, libres de progresión de discapacidad y libres de actividad en resonancia- para el total de pacientes y según tratamiento previo. Se evaluó la seguridad a partir del porcentaje de pacientes que discontinuaron y que presentaron efectos adversos. RESULTADOS: Después de 12 meses de uso, el fingolimod redujo un 87% la TAB (de 1,7 a 0,23; p < 0,0001) y, en consecuencia, un 81% de pacientes estuvo libre de brotes. La puntuación de la EDSS disminuyó un 9%. Un 91% de pacientes estuvo libre de progresión de discapacidad y un 72%, libre de actividad en resonancia. En el 43% de los pacientes no se evidenciaron signos de la actividad de la enfermedad. La mayoría de los beneficios del fingolimod difirieron según el tratamiento previo. Alrededor de un tercio de los pacientes comunicaron efectos adversos, pero sólo el 2% discontinuó debido a ellos. CONCLUSIONES: La mayoría de los resultados de efectividad de los ensayos clínicos del fingolimod se observa durante los 12 primeros meses de tratamiento en la práctica clínica. Se observó un mejor perfil de seguridad al comunicado en los ensayos clínicos

INTRODUCTION: The effectiveness and safety of fingolimod in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) have been proven in clinical trials. Yet, due to their limitations, it is important to know how it behaves under everyday clinical practice conditions. Hence, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of fingolimod after 12 months' usage in clinical practice in Galicia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, multi-centre study (n = 8) of patients with RRMS who were treated with one or more doses of fingolimod, 0.5 mg/day. Effectiveness was assessed -annualised relapse rate (ARR), changes in the score on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), percentage of patients free from relapses, free from progression of disability and free from activity in resonance- for the total number of patients and according to previous treatment. Safety was assessed based on the percentage of patients who withdrew and presented adverse side effects. RESULTS: After 12 months' use, fingolimod reduced the ARR by 87% (1.7 to 0.23; p < 0.0001) and, consequently, 81% of patients were free from relapses. The score was reduced by 9%. In all, 91% of patients were free from progression of disability and 72% were free from resonance activity. No signs of disease activity were found in 43% of the PATIENTS: Most of the benefits of fingolimod differed depending on previous treatment. About a third of the patients reported adverse side effects, but only 2% of them withdrew for this reason. CONCLUSIONS: In clinical practice, most of the results on the effectiveness of the clinical trials conducted with fingolimod were observed during the first 12 months of treatment. A better safety profile was observed than that reported in the clinical trials (AU)